Colouring or painting with natural materials has been fundamental in art and intrinsic to the cultural identity of the Mediterranean area, since antiquity. However, since mid 19th century synthetic substances almost entirely expelled natural dyes from the market. The reconstruction and revival of traditional manufacturing processes for natural colorants, as well as of dyeing procedures or painting techniques is essential for the preservation of the Mediterranean cultural heritage. Rationally produced natural dyes can be used for artworks and folk applied art crafts, and this can also invest in the creation of new jobs, introducing a socio-economic impact on the quality of human life. Furthermore, developing environmentally more acceptable products is a positive action towards the ecosystem. The proposal implies several coordinated activities, such as: (i) The analytical study of representative artworks/artefacts with a view to the identification of the organic colouring materials, and the technology of their application. (ii) The practical revival/approbation of reconstructed application techniques/technologies of the dyes and derived organic pigments on several substrates, e.g. textile, paper and paintings, for the creation of artefacts according to ancient recipes. (iii) The optimisation of the application techniques through the investigation of the interrelation between the application physicochemical conditions and the final result in terms of colour hue, strength and fastness. (iv) The synthesis and production of major colouring components, used as standards for dyestuff identification, at a molecular level. (v) The dissemination of the newly produced materials (pigments and standards). (vi) Recommendations for conservation strategies, based on the analytical results. (vii) The creation of a database for standard dyeing protocols with corresponding references to the relevant ancient recipes.